GAIL (India) Share Price Today (GAIL)
TODAY IN ONE LINE
GAIL jumped 4.5% on above-average volume (4.2x avg), outperforming Nifty's 0.3% move, with no exchange filing today, suggesting a market-driven move.
With a market cap of ₹1.19 L Cr., it trades at a P/E of 15.05. Track live valuations, technical indicators, and peers comparison below. Check delivery conviction and recent filings to build your view.
How good is this company?
Overall performance across 5 key dimensions.
GAIL (India) flags & news
Key strengths, potential risks, and recent updates.
Green Flags
- ●Reasonable ValuationTrading at a moderate P/E of 15.1x
- ●High Promoter HoldingPromoters hold 51.9% skin-in-the-game
- ●Steady Dividend YieldReliable 3.14% dividend yield
- ●Virtually Debt-FreeVery low Debt-to-Equity of 0.00x
- ●Zero Pledge RiskNo recent active promoter pledging found
Red Flags
- ●Earnings DeclineEPS (TTM) has contracted by 40.3% YoY
- ●Sales ContractionQuarterly sales dropped 2.4% YoY
- ●Poor Capital ReturnsLow ROE of 8.7%
- ●FII SellingFII holding decreased by 1.19% QoQ
Latest GAIL (India) News
What changed recently?
Recent events, corporate actions, and announcements.
GAIL (India) Limited valuation: P/E, P/B and sector benchmarks.
Twelve years of multiples investors have paid for GAIL (India) Limited, framed against the sector median so the premium or discount is obvious at a glance.
GAIL (India) Limited trades at a P/E of 15.05× and P/B of 1.28×, against the Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels sector median P/E of 10.65×.
Market-priced ratios use the latest available quote; accounting metrics use the latest reported filing. Compare values with matched peers and the company's own history.
Valuation
Profitability
Growth
Financial Health
GAIL (India) Limited technical analysis: indicators, pivots and CPR.
Live RSI, MACD and moving-average signals plus today's pivot and Central Pivot Range levels for GAIL (India) Limited — derived from the live tape, not yesterday's close.
GAIL (India) Limited last traded at ₹181.44 with an intraday range of ₹173.5–₹182.21 — live indicator, pivot and CPR signals below.
Pivot points
Standard pivot — most widely referenced.
Pivot levels · Classic
Live: ₹181.44| Level | Price (₹) | Distance | % Δ |
|---|---|---|---|
| R4 | 202.02 | +20.58 | +11.34% |
| R3 | 193.31 | +11.87 | +6.54% |
| R2 | 187.76 | +6.32 | +3.48% |
| R1 | 184.60 | +3.16 | +1.74% |
| PIVOT | 179.05 | -2.39 | -1.32% |
| CURRENT | 181.44 | — | — |
| S1 | 175.89 | -5.55 | -3.06% |
| S2 | 170.34 | -11.10 | -6.12% |
| S3 | 167.18 | -14.26 | -7.86% |
| S4 | 158.47 | -22.97 | -12.66% |
GAIL is trading Above CPR, indicating Bullishness
CPR is Wider, suggesting unlikely for trending moves
Day's range: ₹173.5–₹174.69
Trading Above opening range, showing Bullishness
GAIL (India) Limited financials: P&L, balance sheet, cash flow, ratios.
Reported annual and quarterly results for GAIL (India) Limited — consolidated or standalone — with margins, YoY growth and key ratios inline.
GAIL (India) Limited reports its full P&L, balance sheet, cash flow and ratios on this page — current market capitalisation of ₹1.19 L Cr. and reported EPS of ₹11.52.
| Metric | Mar 2025 | Mar 2026 |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue from Operations | 1,42,291 | 1,42,094 ▼ 0.1% |
| Sales Growth YoY %Derived | 6.59% | -0.14% |
| Other Income | 1,268 | 1,510 ▲ 19.1% |
| Total Income | 1,43,559 | 1,43,604 ▲ 0.0% |
| 1,15,738 | 1,17,396 ▲ 1.4% | |
| Gross ProfitDerived | 26,553 | 24,699 ▼ 7.0% |
| Gross Margin %Derived | 18.66% | 17.38% |
| 11,121 | 13,188 ▲ 18.6% | |
| EBITDA (Operating Profit)Derived | 15,432 | 11,510 ▼ 25.4% |
| OPM %Derived | 10.85% | 8.10% |
| 6,987 | 4,799 ▼ 31.3% | |
| Profit Before Tax (PBT) | 14,592 | 8,221 ▼ 43.7% |
| 3,633 | 2,144 ▼ 41.0% | |
| Effective Tax %Derived | 24.89% | 26.08% |
| Profit/Loss from Discontinued Ops | — | — |
| Total Profit for Period | 12,463 | 7,582 ▼ 39.2% |
| Less: Non-controlling Interests | 13 | -1 ▼ 107.3% |
| Net Profit (Owner's PAT)Derived | 12,450 | 7,582 ▼ 39.1% |
| Net Profit Margin %Derived | 8.75% | 5.34% |
| PAT Growth YoY %Derived | 25.77% | -39.10% |
| Earnings Per Share (EPS ₹) | 18.93 | 11.53 ▼ 39.1% |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding (Cr) | 658 | 658 ▲ 0.0% |
| Share of Profit from Associates/JVs | 1,503 | 1,504 ▲ 0.1% |
| Other Comprehensive Income (Net of Tax) | -511 | 733 ▲ 243.6% |
| Total Expenses (incl. D&A & Interest) | 1,28,967 | 1,35,383 ▲ 5.0% |
| Material Cost % of RevenueDerived | 5.11% | 5.66% |
| Employee Cost % of RevenueDerived | 1.57% | 1.46% |
| Other Cost % of RevenueDerived | 6.24% | 7.82% |
| Interest Coverage (x)Derived | 15.55x | 7.96x |
| Period | Mar 2018 | Mar 2019 | Mar 2020 | Mar 2021 | Mar 2022 | Mar 2023 | Mar 2024 | Mar 2025 | Mar 2026 | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue from Operations | 54,694 | 76,234 ▲ 39.4% | 72,568 ▼ 4.8% | 57,428 ▼ 20.9% | 92,874 ▲ 61.7% | 1,45,875 ▲ 57.1% | 1,33,500 ▼ 8.5% | 1,42,291 ▲ 6.6% | 1,42,094 ▼ 0.1% | |
| Sales Growth YoY %Derived | — | 39.38% | -4.81% | -20.86% | 61.72% | 57.07% | -8.48% | 6.59% | -0.14% | |
| Other Income | 813 | 1,214 ▲ 49.4% | 1,546 ▲ 27.4% | 1,120 ▼ 27.6% | 1,172 ▲ 4.6% | 1,328 ▲ 13.3% | 1,008 ▼ 24.1% | 1,268 ▲ 25.8% | 1,510 ▲ 19.1% | |
| Total Income | 55,507 | 77,448 ▲ 39.5% | 74,114 ▼ 4.3% | 58,548 ▼ 21.0% | 94,046 ▲ 60.6% | 1,47,204 ▲ 56.5% | 1,34,507 ▼ 8.6% | 1,43,559 ▲ 6.7% | 1,43,604 ▲ 0.0% | |
40,828 | 59,340 ▲ 45.3% | 56,862 ▼ 4.2% | 43,725 ▼ 23.1% | 70,107 ▲ 60.3% | 1,28,831 ▲ 83.8% | 1,07,955 ▼ 16.2% | 1,15,738 ▲ 7.2% | 1,17,396 ▲ 1.4% | ||
| Gross ProfitDerived | 13,866 | 16,894 ▲ 21.8% | 15,706 ▼ 7.0% | 13,703 ▼ 12.8% | 22,767 ▲ 66.1% | 17,044 ▼ 25.1% | 25,545 ▲ 49.9% | 26,553 ▲ 3.9% | 24,699 ▼ 7.0% | |
| Gross Margin %Derived | 25.35% | 22.16% | 21.64% | 23.86% | 24.51% | 11.68% | 19.13% | 18.66% | 17.38% | |
6,087 | 7,226 ▲ 18.7% | 6,681 ▼ 7.6% | 6,459 ▼ 3.3% | 7,615 ▲ 17.9% | 9,556 ▲ 25.5% | 11,249 ▲ 17.7% | 11,121 ▼ 1.1% | 13,188 ▲ 18.6% | ||
| EBITDA (Operating Profit)Derived | 7,779 | 9,668 ▲ 24.3% | 9,025 ▼ 6.6% | 7,244 ▼ 19.7% | 15,152 ▲ 109.2% | 7,488 ▼ 50.6% | 14,296 ▲ 90.9% | 15,432 ▲ 7.9% | 11,510 ▼ 25.4% | |
| OPM %Derived | 14.22% | 12.68% | 12.44% | 12.61% | 16.31% | 5.13% | 10.71% | 10.85% | 8.10% | |
1,822 | 2,601 ▲ 42.8% | 2,389 ▼ 8.1% | 2,353 ▼ 1.5% | 4,385 ▲ 86.4% | 3,068 ▼ 30.0% | 4,391 ▲ 43.1% | 6,987 ▲ 59.1% | 4,799 ▼ 31.3% | ||
| Profit Before Tax (PBT) | 6,770 | 9,831 ▲ 45.2% | 8,182 ▼ 16.8% | 6,011 ▼ 26.5% | 15,464 ▲ 157.3% | 5,748 ▼ 62.8% | 10,913 ▲ 89.8% | 14,592 ▲ 33.7% | 8,221 ▼ 43.7% | |
2,143 | 3,278 ▲ 53.0% | 914 ▼ 72.1% | 1,583 ▲ 73.1% | 3,160 ▲ 99.7% | 1,660 ▼ 47.5% | 2,692 ▲ 62.1% | 3,633 ▲ 34.9% | 2,144 ▼ 41.0% | ||
| Effective Tax %Derived | 31.65% | 33.35% | 11.17% | 26.33% | 20.43% | 28.89% | 24.67% | 24.89% | 26.08% | |
| Profit/Loss from Discontinued Ops | 5 | — ▼ 100.0% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Total Profit for Period | 4,805 | 6,553 ▲ 36.4% | 9,515 ▲ 45.2% | 6,143 ▼ 35.4% | 12,304 ▲ 100.3% | 5,596 ▼ 54.5% | 9,903 ▲ 77.0% | 12,463 ▲ 25.9% | 7,582 ▼ 39.2% | |
| Less: Non-controlling Interests | 6 | 7 ▲ 17.6% | 93 ▲ 1217.1% | 6 ▼ 93.0% | 48 ▲ 635.1% | -20 ▼ 142.3% | 4 ▲ 117.9% | 13 ▲ 264.1% | -1 ▼ 107.3% | |
| Net Profit (Owner's PAT)Derived | 4,799 | 6,546 ▲ 36.4% | 9,422 ▲ 43.9% | 6,136 ▼ 34.9% | 12,256 ▲ 99.7% | 5,616 ▼ 54.2% | 9,899 ▲ 76.3% | 12,450 ▲ 25.8% | 7,582 ▼ 39.1% | |
| Net Profit Margin %Derived | 8.77% | 8.59% | 12.98% | 10.69% | 13.20% | 3.85% | 7.42% | 8.75% | 5.34% | |
| PAT Growth YoY %Derived | — | 36.40% | 43.94% | -34.87% | 99.73% | -54.18% | 76.27% | 25.77% | -39.10% | |
| Earnings Per Share (EPS ₹) | 7.09 | 9.59 ▲ 35.3% | 13.85 ▲ 44.4% | 9.21 ▼ 33.5% | 18.40 ▲ 99.8% | 8.54 ▼ 53.6% | 15.06 ▲ 76.3% | 18.93 ▲ 25.7% | 11.53 ▼ 39.1% | |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding (Cr) | 677 | 682 ▲ 0.9% | 680 ▼ 0.3% | 666 ▼ 2.1% | 666 ▲ 0.0% | 658 ▼ 1.3% | 658 ▲ 0.0% | 658 ▲ 0.0% | 658 ▲ 0.0% | |
| Share of Profit from Associates/JVs | 153 | — ▼ 100.0% | 2,247 | 1,715 ▼ 23.7% | — ▼ 100.0% | 1,508 | 1,682 ▲ 11.5% | 1,503 ▼ 10.6% | 1,504 ▲ 0.1% | |
| Other Comprehensive Income (Net of Tax) | 94 | -123 ▼ 231.1% | -2,733 ▼ 2128.0% | 1,326 ▲ 148.5% | 2,670 ▲ 101.3% | -583 ▼ 121.8% | 3,139 ▲ 638.8% | -511 ▼ 116.3% | 733 ▲ 243.6% | |
| Total Expenses (incl. D&A & Interest) | 48,737 | 67,617 ▲ 38.7% | 65,932 ▼ 2.5% | 52,538 ▼ 20.3% | 78,583 ▲ 49.6% | 1,41,455 ▲ 80.0% | 1,23,594 ▼ 12.6% | 1,28,967 ▲ 4.3% | 1,35,383 ▲ 5.0% | |
| Material Cost % of RevenueDerived | 7.57% | 6.66% | 6.08% | 6.80% | 11.96% | 4.70% | 5.49% | 5.11% | 5.66% | |
| Employee Cost % of RevenueDerived | 2.46% | 2.44% | 2.25% | 2.87% | 1.95% | 1.30% | 1.70% | 1.57% | 1.46% | |
| Other Cost % of RevenueDerived | 8.67% | 7.04% | 6.95% | 8.38% | 6.24% | 5.25% | 6.72% | 6.24% | 7.82% | |
| Interest Coverage (x)Derived | 21.20x | 50.26x | 22.48x | 28.28x | 62.88x | 13.06x | 14.77x | 15.55x | 7.96x |
GAIL (India) segment analysis : revenue and profit mix.
Disclosed business segments at GAIL (India) with their share of revenue and profit, switchable between consolidated and standalone reporting.
GAIL (India) discloses revenue and profit across multiple business segments — toggle between consolidated and standalone views to see the mix.
Segment-wise Financial Analysis
The Bull, Bear, and Flip case for GAIL (India) Limited.
Our AI distills the core fundamental drivers supporting GAIL (India) Limited, the risks that threaten it, and the quantitative conditions that could weaken the thesis.
GAIL (India) Limited's investment case rests on 10 positive markers and 10 flagged concerns drawn from the latest reported filings.
What you're getting.
Low P/E of 15.13x provides attractive valuation relative to sector peers and market average
Stable promoter holding at 51.88% signals strong long-term management commitment and alignment
Positive operating cash flow of ₹5,747 Cr in latest quarter ensures robust liquidity position
Dividend yield of 3.53% offers steady income to shareholders with sustainable payout ratio
Extensive natural gas transmission network creates competitive infrastructure moat and switching costs
Key Risks.
Latest quarterly EPS declined 40.40% YoY despite revenue growth, signaling earnings pressure
TTM EPS declined 40.30% YoY, reflecting sustained profitability challenges across recent periods
Quarterly PAT fell 25.60%, raising immediate concerns about operational profitability sustainability
FII holdings eased from 19.92% to 13.72%, signals foreign investor caution over three years
High absolute debt of ₹224,333 Cr strains balance sheet relative to equity base
Flip Conditions.
Valuation risk. a P/E above 20 (~1.9× the sector multiple of 10.7) would leave less room for earnings disappointment.
Reassess if quarterly profit growth turns negative for two consecutive quarters. The bull case relies on compounding earnings.
Watch interest coverage if debt-to-equity climbs above 1.00. Balance sheet risk re-prices growth multiples fast.
Return-quality risk. ROE below 8% would indicate weaker capital compounding.
GAIL (India) Limited peer comparison — same-sector benchmarks.
Same-sector listed peers ranked on P/E, market cap, dividend yield and growth — GAIL (India) Limited is highlighted for quick read-across.
Quick Compare
Peer Comparison
GAIL (India) Limited chart patterns: breakouts, tops and bottoms.
Auto-detected classical chart patterns for GAIL (India) Limited — Double Top/Bottom, Head & Shoulders, Triple Bottom and more — with break levels, targets and quality scores across Intraday, Daily and Weekly timeframes.
- 1Pick how to scan. Detection sets sensitivity — Daily (standard) → Weekly (big swings). History sets how far back to look.
- 2Read the summary. The tiles at the top give the current read: net bias, the strongest pattern, and the one nearest to triggering.
- 3Scan the list. Use the Actionable, Watchlist, and History tabs to browse patterns. Click a pattern card to focus it.
- 4Inspect on the chart. Focusing draws the pattern’s pivots plus its break (blue), target (amber) and invalidation lines.
- 5Filter to what matters. Use the status controls (Confirmed, Forming, Invalidated) to hide noise and find exactly what you are looking for.
Pattern history — every completed pattern and its outcome
GAIL (India) Limited delivery volume — last 20 sessions of conviction.
Daily traded volume and delivery percentage for GAIL (India) Limited over 20 sessions — the gap between intraday flipping and genuine accumulation.
Latest session delivery in GAIL (India) Limited stood at 35.9% of traded volume, against a 20-day average of 55.4%.
GAIL (India) announcements: results, concalls, ratings, M&A.
Filings GAIL (India) sent to the exchanges, sequenced as they hit the tape — concall transcripts, results, credit ratings and presentations.
GAIL (India) files concall transcripts, results, credit ratings and corporate-action notices on the NSE and BSE exchange portals — latest 189 documents below.
Analysts/Institutional Investor Meet/Con. Call Updates
GAIL (India) Limited has informed the Exchange about Schedule of meet
Analysts/Institutional Investor Meet/Con. Call Updates
GAIL (India) Limited has informed the Exchange about Schedule of meet
General Updates
GAIL (India) Limited has informed the Exchange about General Updates
Shareholders meeting
GAIL (India) Limited has informed the Exchange regarding Notice of Annual General Meeting to be held on August 27, 2026
Record Date
GAIL (India) Limited has informed the Exchange that Record date for the purpose of Dividend is 02-Sep-2026.
Investor decks & rating reports.
Analysts/Institutional Investor Meet/Con. Call Updates
Analysts/Institutional Investor Meet/Con. Call Updates
Investor Presentation
Investor Presentation
GAIL (India) dividend history, splits and bonus issues.
Every dividend, stock split and bonus issue GAIL (India) has declared, sequenced by announce and record date.
GAIL (India) corporate-action history below covers all declared dividends, stock splits and bonus issues recorded with NSE and BSE.
About GAIL (India) Limited: business, sector, key facts.
What GAIL (India) Limited does, where it operates, the people running it, and the numbers that describe the entity behind the ticker.
GAIL (India) Limited operates in the Gas Transmission/Marketing industry under the Oil Gas & Consumable Fuels sector, listed as NSE: GAIL, BSE: 532155.
GAIL (India) Limited is a prominent player in India's natural gas sector, with a significant international presence. Its core business revolves around the entire natural gas value chain, from processing and transmission to marketing and distribution. This includes transporting and selling natural gas to diverse sectors such as power generation, fertilizer production, industrial applications, the automotive industry, petrochemicals, and residential and commercial consumers.
A key aspect of GAIL's operations is its extensive natural gas transmission network. This infrastructure facilitates the efficient delivery of natural gas to various parts of the country, supporting the growth of industries and fueling domestic energy needs. Beyond transmission, GAIL actively markets natural gas, ensuring a consistent supply to its diverse customer base. This marketing arm includes the sale of compressed biogas, demonstrating the company's commitment to sustainable energy sources.
GAIL's business extends beyond natural gas marketing. The company is a significant producer and marketer of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), along with other liquid hydrocarbons like propane and pentane. It also produces and sells petrochemicals, including naphtha, mixed fuel oil, ethylene, propylene, and polypropylene. Furthermore, GAIL manufactures high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) under its own brand names, G-Lex and G-Lene, respectively. These petrochemical products find applications in numerous industries.
In addition to its core energy businesses, GAIL is diversifying into renewable energy sources. The company has invested in wind and solar power generation, reflecting a commitment to environmental sustainability and a broader energy portfolio. This diversification strategy not only complements its traditional energy businesses but also positions GAIL for long-term growth in a changing energy landscape. In summary, GAIL's operations span a wide range of energy-related activities, contributing significantly to India's energy security and economic development.
Go deeper on GAIL (India)
- GAIL (India) resultsQuarter-by-quarter revenue, profit, EPS and margins for GAIL (India).
- GAIL (India) dividendEvery dividend GAIL (India) has declared, with ex-dates and yield.
- GAIL (India) shareholdingPromoter, FII and DII holding in GAIL (India), quarter by quarter.
- GAIL (India) financialsGAIL (India) profit & loss, balance sheet and cash flow by year.
- GAIL (India) technical analysisPivots, CPR and live indicator readings for GAIL (India).
- GAIL (India) corporate actionsBonus issues, splits, rights and buybacks declared by GAIL (India).
Related
Peers, sector trends, screeners and strategy playbooks contextual to this stock.
Questions investors ask about GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL).
Quick answers grounded in this page's data — price action, fundamentals, ratios and ownership.
01What is the current share price of GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL)?
The current share price of GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL) is ₹181.44. Today, the stock has gained by ₹7.80 (4.49%), trading in a range of ₹173.5 to ₹182.21. The stock opened at ₹174.45 with a trading volume of 3,88,93,443 shares.
02Is GAIL (India) Limited stock a good investment for long-term?
GAIL (India) Limited can be considered for long-term investment based on several factors. The company has a market capitalization of ₹1,18,680.55 crores, P/E ratio of 15.05, ROE of 8.71%, and ROCE of 9.68%. The dividend yield stands at 3.14%. However, investment decisions should be based on your financial goals, risk appetite, and thorough research. It's recommended to consult with a SEBI-registered financial advisor before making investment decisions.
03What is the 52-week high and low price of GAIL (India) Limited stock?
The 52-week high price of GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL) is ₹186.87, while the 52-week low is ₹134.36. Currently trading at ₹181.44, the stock is 89.7% away from its 52-week low and 2.9% below its 52-week high. These levels help investors understand the stock's price volatility and trading range over the past year.
04Should I buy GAIL (India) Limited stock at the current price?
Whether to buy GAIL (India) Limited stock at ₹181.44 depends on multiple factors. The stock is currently trading with a P/E ratio of 15.05 and P/B ratio of 1.28. Today's performance shows a gain of 4.49%. Consider analyzing the company's fundamentals, technical indicators, industry trends, and your investment horizon. Compare these metrics with industry peers and consult a financial advisor for personalized advice.
05What is the dividend yield of GAIL (India) Limited and when is the next dividend?
GAIL (India) Limited offers a dividend yield of 3.14%, which means for every ₹100 invested at the current price of ₹181.44, you can expect to receive approximately ₹3.14 annually as dividends. The face value of the stock is ₹10.00. For information about the next dividend announcement and ex-dividend date, please check the company's official announcements or visit the BSE/NSE websites.
06What are the key financial ratios and metrics of GAIL (India) Limited?
GAIL (India) Limited's key financial metrics include: P/E Ratio: 15.05, P/B Ratio: 1.28, ROE: 8.71%, ROCE: 9.68%, Dividend Yield: 3.14%, EPS: ₹11.52, Book Value: ₹135.55, and Debt-to-Equity: 0.28. The company's market cap stands at ₹1,18,680.55 crores. These metrics help evaluate the company's valuation, profitability, and financial health.
07How is GAIL (India) Limited stock performing today in the market?
GAIL (India) Limited stock opened at ₹174.45 and is currently trading at ₹181.44, showing a gain of ₹7.80 (4.49%). The intraday high is ₹182.21 and low is ₹173.5. The trading volume stands at 3,88,93,443 shares, indicating strong market participation today.
08What is the P/E ratio of GAIL (India) Limited and what does it indicate?
GAIL (India) Limited has a Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio of 15.05, which means investors are willing to pay ₹15.05 for every ₹1 of earnings. With an EPS of ₹11.52, this P/E ratio indicates moderate valuation in line with market standards. Compare this with industry peers and historical P/E ratios for better context.
The data, ratios and commentary about GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL) on this page are published for educational and informational purposes only and are not investment, legal or tax advice. StockeZee is not a SEBI-registered investment adviser, research analyst or portfolio manager, and no content here should be construed as a recommendation to buy, hold or sell any security. Live and historical market data may be delayed, revised by the exchanges, or contain errors; figures sourced from third-party feeds and corporate disclosures may not always be current. Past performance is not indicative of future results, and equity investments carry the risk of capital loss. Before acting on anything you read here, please consult a SEBI-registered financial advisor and read all scheme-related documents carefully.